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Keil, Frank C.; Lockhart, Kristi L.; Schlegel, Esther – Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2010
In 4 studies, the authors examined how intuitions about the relative difficulties of the sciences develop. In Study 1, familiar everyday phenomena in physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, and economics were pretested in adults, so as to be equally difficult to explain. When participants in kindergarten, Grades 2, 4, 6, and 8, and college were…
Descriptors: Psychology, Experience, Natural Sciences, Social Psychology
Elliot, Andrew J.; Maier, Markus A. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2013
Francis (2013) tested for and found evidence of publication bias in 1 of the 3 focal relations examined in Elliot et al. (2010), that between red and attractiveness. He then called into question the research as a whole and the field of experimental psychology more generally. Our reply has 3 foci. First, we attend to the bottom line regarding the…
Descriptors: Color, Interpersonal Attraction, Females, Experimental Psychology
Voss, Andreas; Rothermund, Klaus; Gast, Anne; Wentura, Dirk – Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2013
Cognitive processes and mechanisms underlying different forms of priming were investigated using a diffusion model approach. In a series of 6 experiments, effects of prime-target associations and of a semantic and affective categorical match of prime and target were analyzed for different tasks. Significant associative and categorical priming…
Descriptors: Semantics, Cognitive Psychology, Priming, Social Cognition
Bryan, Christopher J.; Hershfield, Hal E. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2012
Americans are not saving enough for retirement. Previous research suggests that this is due, in part, to people's tendency to think of the future self as more like another person than like the present self, making saving feel like giving money away rather than like investing in oneself. Using objective employer saving data, a field experiment…
Descriptors: Retirement, Money Management, Social Responsibility, Motivation
Shteingart, Hanan; Neiman, Tal; Loewenstein, Yonatan – Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2013
We quantified the effect of first experience on behavior in operant learning and studied its underlying computational principles. To that goal, we analyzed more than 200,000 choices in a repeated-choice experiment. We found that the outcome of the first experience has a substantial and lasting effect on participants' subsequent behavior, which we…
Descriptors: Operant Conditioning, Behavior, Models, Reinforcement
Vosgerau, Joachim – Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2010
People appear to be unrealistically optimistic about their future prospects, as reflected by theory and research in the fields of psychology, organizational behavior, behavioral economics, and behavioral finance. Many real-world examples (e.g., consumer behavior during economic recessions), however, suggest that people are not always overly…
Descriptors: Futures (of Society), Attitudes, Context Effect, Success
Hansen, Jochim; Trope, Yaacov – Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2013
Time is experienced as passing more quickly the more changes happen in a situation. The present research tested the idea that time perception depends on the level of construal of the situation. Building on previous research showing that concrete rather than abstract mental construal causes people to perceive more variations in a given situation,…
Descriptors: Time Management, Time Perspective, Experiments, Attention
Stewart, Lorna H.; Ajina, Sara; Getov, Spas; Bahrami, Bahador; Todorov, Alexander; Rees, Geraint – Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2012
It has been proposed that two major axes, dominance and trustworthiness, characterize the social dimensions of face evaluation. Whether evaluation of faces on these social dimensions is restricted to conscious appraisal or happens at a preconscious level is unknown. Here we provide behavioral evidence that such preconscious evaluations exist and…
Descriptors: Visual Perception, Human Body, Social Influences, Trust (Psychology)
Cowan, Nelson; Saults, J. Scott – Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2013
It is often proposed that individuals with high working memory span overcome proactive interference (PI) from previous trials, saving working memory for task-relevant items. We examined this hypothesis in word-list probe recognition. We found no difference in PI related to span. Instead, ex-Gaussian analysis of reaction time showed speed…
Descriptors: Short Term Memory, Interference (Learning), Reaction Time, Recognition (Psychology)
Bull, Rebecca; Cleland, Alexandra A.; Mitchell, Thomas – Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2013
There is a large body of accumulated evidence from behavioral and neuroimaging studies regarding how and where in the brain we represent basic numerical information. A number of these studies have considered how numerical representations may differ between individuals according to their age or level of mathematical ability, but one issue rarely…
Descriptors: Numeracy, Gender Differences, Spatial Ability, Numbers
Mickes, Laura; Hwe, Vivian; Wais, Peter E.; Wixted, John T. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2011
People are generally skilled at using a confidence scale to rate the strength of their memories over a wide range. Specifically, low-confidence recognition decisions are often associated with close-to-chance accuracy, whereas high-confidence recognition decisions can be associated with close-to-perfect accuracy. However, using a 20-point rating…
Descriptors: Expertise, Familiarity, Rating Scales, Children
Kruschke, John K. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2013
Bayesian estimation for 2 groups provides complete distributions of credible values for the effect size, group means and their difference, standard deviations and their difference, and the normality of the data. The method handles outliers. The decision rule can accept the null value (unlike traditional "t" tests) when certainty in the estimate is…
Descriptors: Bayesian Statistics, Computation, Evaluation Methods, Computer Software
Redden, Joseph P.; Galak, Jeff – Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2013
The traditional view of satiation is that repeated consumption produces an unavoidable decline in liking according to the quantity and recency of consumption. We challenge this deterministic view by showing that satiation is instead partially constructed in the moment based on contextual cues. More specifically, while satiation is a function of…
Descriptors: Psychological Patterns, Difficulty Level, Cognitive Processes, Cues
Szpunar, Karl K.; Schacter, Daniel L. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2013
People frequently imagine specific interpersonal experiences that might occur in their futures. The present study used a novel experimental paradigm to examine the influence of repeated simulation of future interpersonal experiences on subjective assessments of plausibility for positive, negative, and neutral events. The results demonstrate that…
Descriptors: Simulation, Repetition, Anxiety, Depression (Psychology)
Onyper, Serge V.; Zhang, Yaofei X.; Howard, Marc W. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2010
Dual-process theory hypothesizes that recognition memory depends on 2 distinguishable memory signals. Recollection reflects conscious recovery of detailed information about the learning episode. Familiarity reflects a memory signal that is not accompanied by a vivid conscious experience but nonetheless enables participants to distinguish recently…
Descriptors: Recognition (Psychology), Memory, Recall (Psychology), Familiarity