Objective: To assess the impact of attention deficit on learning problems in a sample of schoolchildren in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Method: All students enrolled in selected elementary schools were included in this study, making a total of 774 children. Each child was assessed by his or her teacher using a standardized scale. "The Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Scale-Teacher's Version" (Benczic, 2000) was used to evaluate ADHD symptoms and learning problems. Results: A very strong association was found between attention deficit and learning problems (prevalence ratio [PR] = 31.7; 95% confidence interval = [16.1, 62.3]). Conclusion: Results suggest either that attention deficit leads to learning problems or that attention deficit and learning problems are comorbid conditions, in which case learning problems may also contribute to secondary symptoms in ADHD. (Contains 5 tables.)