ERIC Number: EJ1040782
Record Type: Journal
Publication Date: 2014-Sep
Pages: 9
Abstractor: As Provided
ISBN: N/A
ISSN: ISSN-1598-1037
EISSN: N/A
The Impact of Shadow Education on Student Academic Achievement: Why the Research Is Inconclusive and What Can Be Done about It
Bray, Mark
Asia Pacific Education Review, v15 n3 p381-389 Sep 2014
Recent decades have brought global expansion of private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education. Such tutoring consumes considerable resources and is usually viewed by participating households as an investment that will increase the recipients' academic achievements. However, research on the effectiveness of tutoring has delivered inconclusive and even contradictory findings. Part of the reason lies in definitions and foci of research, since private supplementary tutoring may have many different formats, delivery mechanisms and intensities. As with other types of education, it is important also to investigate the qualities of the instructors and the motivations of the students. This creates a complex research arena, in which practical challenges arise from shortcomings in the instruments for securing data and limitations in methods for analyzing the data. This paper assesses the current state of the literature and makes recommendations for the future research agenda.
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Tutoring, Instructional Effectiveness, Supplementary Education, Educational Research, State of the Art Reviews
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Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Evaluative
Education Level: N/A
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Grant or Contract Numbers: N/A