The objectives of this study were to describe the socially based emotions and behaviors of 33 orphans in Uganda and to examine social history correlates of variability in the outcome measures. The toddlers were generally not very aggressive or prosocially oriented, and they displayed rather limited affect. More time was spent alone than with others and there was a preference for interacting in groups over one-on-one. A few significant effects were observed with duration of institutionalization, contact with relatives and previous hospitalization(s) serving as independent variables and the various socially based emotions and behaviors as the outcome measures.