Japanese industrialization started later than in other countries and thus relied at first on foreign-trained persons. Soon, however, Japanese companies began systems of in-house training for their employees. Eventually, some companies paid tuition for their employees to attend night schools at educational institutions and even to study abroad. After World War II, increasing democratization led to a rise in labor unions and the beginning of such employment practices as lifetime commitment, seniority pay, recruitment of school leavers, internal promotion, and job rotation. The Korean War increased investment for industrial production as well as the need for skilled workers. Employers and educational institutions stepped up training efforts. These efforts contributed to the growth of the Japanese economy until the first oil crisis of 1973, when emphasis was shifted toward labor-management cooperation and energy conservation. Today, industrial and employment structures are changing rapidly due to technological advances, increased services, and internationalization. To date, in-house training has emphasized training workers for immediate use. Although this approach will still be needed, education that passes along the drive of corporate expertise is also necessary. The need for continuing education necessitates joint industry-education efforts and improved community-level facilities. (KC)