In the past, linguistic descriptions of the relationships common to passive sentences have not been universally applicable. Junction grammar, a type of generative grammar, is a model that may provide a means of describing universal passive relationships. Junction grammar differs from transformational grammar in that its rules (1) claim other relationships between contiguous elements besides concatenation, i.e., adjunction, subjunction, and conjunction; and (2) model the specific operation relating constituents to each other, giving rise to dominating categories containing them, as opposed to rewriting single grammatical category symbols as the immediate constituents making up those categories. Adjunction adjoins two unlike categories to produce a third, new category dominating them. Conjunction consists of the conjoining of two or more identical categories so that the resulting, dominating category is identical to the conjoined categories. Subjunction is either "modifying" or "recategorizing." Modifying subjunction consists of relative clause modification with or without interjunction. Recategorizing subjunction involves the nominalization of a verb or predicate, the adjectivalization of a verb, or the nominalization of a sentence as a complement clause. The deep structure for passive sentences involves both modifying subjunction and recategorizing full subjunction, and appears to be universal. (AM)