The Wyden amendment to the National Science Foundation (NSF) Authorization Act of 2002 sought to determine whether federally funded educational programs other than sports comply with Title IX, which prohibits gender discrimination. At the request of NSF, this report analyzes administrative data from fiscal years 2001 through 2003 describing the outcomes of grant applications submitted by women versus men to federal agencies, specifically with regard to the probability of getting funded, the funding requested, the size of the award, and the probability of applying again. The report focuses on three federal agencies: the National Institutes of Health (NIH), NSF, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Overall the study finds that few gender differences in federal grant funding exist over the period studied. However, women applying as principal investigators to NIH receive less funding than men do, and overall women are somewhat less likely to apply again to the same agency. In addition to the findings, the authors of the report observe the many limitations in the information collected by federal grant application and award data systems and recommend ways the federal agencies can improve their tracking of gender differences. [For associated report, see ED502791.]