Concerned with social settings and correlates of parenting, this volume, the second of five volumes on parenting, deals specifically with the biological and the contextual influences on parenting. The volume consists of the following 12 chapters: (1) "The Evolution of Parenting and Evolutionary Approaches to Childrearing" (David F. Bjorklund, Jennifer L. Yunger, and Anthony D. Pellegrini); (2) "Hormonal Bases of Parenting in Mammals" (Joy S. Rosenblatt); (3) "Psychobiology of Maternal Behavior and Its Early Determinants in Nonhuman Mammals" (Alison S. Fleming and Ming Li); (4) "Primate Parenting" (Kim A. Bard); (5) Psychobiology of Maternal Behavior in Human Beings (Carl M. Corter and Alison S. Fleming); (6) "Intuitive Parenting" (Hanus Papousek and Mechthild Papousek); (7)"Maternal and Dual-Earner Employment Status and Parenting" (Adele Eskeles Gottfried, Allen W. Gottfried, and Kay Bathurst); (8) "Socioeconomic Status and Parenting" (Erika Hoff, Brett Laursen, and Twila Tardif); (9) "Culture and Parenting" (Sara Harkness and Charles M. Super); (10) "Environment and Parenting" (Robert H. Bradley); (11) "Developmental Systems Perspective on Parenting" (Richard M. Lerner, Fred Rothbaum, Shireen Boulos, and Domini R. Castellino); and (12) "History of Parenting: The Ancient Mediterranean World" (Valerie French). Author and subject indexes are also included. Each chapter contains references. (HTH)