Japan's elementary and junior high schools have a formal, nationally mandated moral curriculum called Kokoro-no-kyoiku--education of the heart. Japanese educators include moral growth as an integral part of one's intellectual growth and believe that democratic societies must promote virtuous decision making. Moral education in Japan nurtures the virtues of generosity, compassion, love, justice, self-discipline, and respect for life and is based in four important cultural values: equality, effort, trusting relationships, and harmony. First graders learn such habits as speaking with a cheerful voice and being cheerful, cooperative, and kind. Older students serve lunch to their teachers and peers. All students focus on the need for peaceful resolution of problems and visit the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum.