The relationship between education policy and local practices is at the core of research pertaining to the history of education. In this volume, the authors examine this issue from a multitude of perspectives, presenting a broad and comprehensive picture of schooling on international, national and local levels. Three issues of great significance, both in the history of schooling, and for educational policy--"School Finance", "School Reform" and "School Media"--are discussed in relation to five European countries by addressing topics such as textbook supply in the eighteenth century, the spread of monitorial education, the rise of educational expenditure during the nineteenth century, and the internationalization of educational policy during the twentieth century. This book contains the following: (1) Schooling--an international, national, and local issue (Carla Aubry and Johannes Westberg); (2) The distribution of government grants in Sweden, 1865-1900 (Johannes Westberg); (3) From tree felling to silver lining. Diverse ways of funding elementary schools among Swedish ironworking communities, 1830-1930 (Madeleine Michaelsson); (4) Teachers' salaries in the Helvetic republic, c. 1800 (Ingrid Bruhwiler); (5) The "value of schooling" Rising expenditures on education in Winterthur, 1830-1850 (Carla Aubry); (6) A national path to internationalization. Educational reforms in Luxembourg, 1945-1970 (Anne Rohstock and Thomas Lenz); (7) Arguing for educational change. On the introduction of monitorial education in Swedish common schools during the 1820s (Esbjorn Larsson); (8) Explaining persistence. Educational ideals and mathematics education in Sweden, 1905-1950 (Johan Prytz); (9) A suitable language teacher. National plans and local solutions (Peter Bernhardsson); (10) Textbook supply and shortage in eighteenth-century Sweden (Stefan Rimm); (11) The establishment and significance of the "Luxemburger Schulbote," 1844-1942 (Peter Voss); (12) Educational argument in Austrian teachers' journals in the late nineteenth century (Claudia Gerdenitsch); and (13) School magazines. Participation and democratization in West German school culture during the 1950s and 1960s (Markus Gippert and Joachim Scholz). (Contains 37 figures and 8 tables.