In a study of Ontario, Canada's province-wide Primary Class Size Reduction (PCS) Initiative, school districts' ability to direct and support schools was related to their experience with planning and monitoring, interest in innovation, and its human and fiscal resource base. Districts with greater "resource capacity" were able to coordinate local implementation of PCS to ongoing efforts to improve teaching and learning; those with less were unable to manage more than compliance. While class sizes were reduced in every district in Ontario, its impact on teachers and students was not as positive as it might have been.