Temperament has a long history of scholarship dating back as early as 350 BC when Hippocrates (1984) associated body fluids or temperament with behavior. Temperament is broadly described as stylistic and relatively stable traits that subsume intrinsic tendencies to act and react in somewhat predictable ways to people, events, and other stimuli. Advances in temperament research include the development of scientific and practical measures that can be used to obtain information to better understand a person's social-emotional and behavioral functioning. The Student Styles Questionnaire (SSQ) is a measure of temperament based on the type theory of Jung, and Myers and Briggs. The SSQ was originally developed for use with children in the U.S. and is now adapted in more than 30 countries. Few studies have reported the psychometric characteristics of the SSQ adapted versions. To this end, this research examined the cross-national factor structure of temperament comprising of extroverted-introverted, practical-imaginative, thinking-feeling, and organized-flexible traits. Using the item level factor analytic framework with dichotomous items as indicators, results indicated that the four factor-model of temperament did not fit reasonably well to the data in each of the 21 countries. Most item indicators converged on the traits they intended to measure. However, factor loadings generally were low. In most countries, the bipolar traits are distinct on what they measure. However, multicollinearity was evident in data from China, Egypt, and Gaza. Findings are discussed in light of the shortcomings of factor analysis using dichotomous items when examining construct validity of the SSQ and sample size requirements of robust weighted least square estimator in CFA. Implications and limitations of the study also are discussed. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]