Purpose: The purpose of this article is to present definitions and concepts about sensory modulation, illustrate behavioral aspects of sensory modulation disorders, describe a framework for assessment and intervention, and present advances in research. Method: A review of descriptive and evidence-based literature related to the impact of exposure to both prenatal and postnatal trauma on sensory modulation is provided, with additional information gleaned from recent assessment data on children with a history of trauma who are served by the Southwest Michigan Children's Trauma Assessment Center (CTAC). Clinical Implications: The review of the literature indicates support for the presence of sensory modulation disorders among traumatized children. In addition, the emerging data now being gathered on children who have been assessed by CTAC indicate a significant prevalence of sensory modulation disorders among children with a history of trauma alone, and those with both trauma and a diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Awareness, recognition, and identification of behaviors associated with this disorder, and referral to appropriate professionals, is essential to ensure effective preventive and intervention services.