An independent, critical press has been active in Nigeria for a century. Most newspapers are privately owned and publish a range of news and commentary, often critical of the government. The history of the relations between the press and the government during the century, and particularly during the 20 months of rule by the Mohammedu Buhari regime (1984-1985) when the status of an independent press was threatened by actions taken by the government, deserves attention. During the colonial period, the Nigerian press attacked the British on issues of land rights, citizenship rights, and local representation in decision making. The press played a vital role in helping Nigeria achieve independence in 1960. At this time, there are 20-plus daily and weekly newspapers published in the country. Unlike most African countries where the government owns the single newspaper, most of the papers in Nigeria are published by individuals. Beyond mere watchdogs of the government, several Nigerian papers are legitimate competitors of the government for national influence. Historically, relations between the government and press have been strained. During the Buhari, regime, relations broke down entirely. In April 1984, the government enacted Decree 4, which punished both newspapers and reporters who published stories which embarrassed the military leadership or were not accurate. Two reporters were arrested, tried, and convicted for publishing a story which contained one inaccuracy. The historical resiliency of the Nigerian press may be tested severely as the nation moves toward a Third Republic. (One hundred and ten notes are included.) (RAE)