The beginning of the 21st century is characterized by globalization--the integration of national economies and the development of technology and information technology--and by a new type of society--the knowledge-based society. Changes in society require changes in education, the mission of higher education institutions, and traditional ways of teaching. In this article, the author explores the implementation of open and distance education in Russia in the new economic and political environment. Historical background and a comparison of national policies and other characteristics of distance education in Russia and the United States are provided.