Purpose: Based on a selective bibliography, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of ongoing changes among European postgraduate education, while at the same time offering a theoretical framework for interpreting the observations. Design/methodology/approach: A selected range of published works (1977-2002), based on solid empirical and/or theoretical grounding, are used to support the points and observations made. With regard to taxonomizing key characteristics from the identified development, the material is sorted into the following taxonomies: the dilemma of ad hoc and informal training model vs the formal educational approach; the dilemma of originality vs vocationability; the dilemma of individualism vs teamism; and the dilemma of elitism vs massism, which in varying degree are mutually exclusive. In addition, there are some distinct features of differences across disciplines, science vs social science. Findings: Provides information about each type of key identified change and its characteristics taken place. It recognizes the inherent dilemma embedded in the situation analyzed. Research limitations/implications: Addresses the implications for future research in the area. Practice implications: Addresses implications for practitioners directly involved, such as for example provides of postgraduate teaching as well as for managers and policy makers in the field. Originality/value: This paper fulfils an identified challenge for postgraduate education, which should have relevance to many universities throughout Europe and offer a structured basis from which future actions can be considered and/or taken. (Contains 1 table.)