Higher education in America faces such formidable problems as unaffordable tuition, lack of accountability, students ill-prepared for college, declining enrollment in math and science, and too few graduates fluent in critical foreign languages. This Opportunity 08 position paper recommends that the next President should take the following steps to strengthen U.S. higher education: (1) make college education more attainable for low-income students by simplifying the grants process and reducing inefficiency in the distribution of financial aid; (2) encourage universities that receive federal dollars to fashion responsible ways to measure student progress and track college costs; (3) create federally funded fellowships in biology, chemistry, and physics that require recipients, after graduation, to teach high school for one to four years; and (4) create a signature program of federally funded fellowships not only to support students who study critical foreign languages, but also to build much-needed capacity within the Departments of State, Education, and Defense. (Contains 11 notes.)