During the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union employed various cultural and informational and educational tools to establish and maintain friendly political regimes in foreign states. In this context international education programs became a major part of their strategy to win the "minds" and "allegiance" and to reproduce or transform foreign dominant groups. In this article, the author presents a study that compared American and Soviet approaches to international education during the period of the Cold War. This article first reviews the theories and research on social reproduction, social transformation, and ideological incorporation through education. Next, the author describes the primary resources and methods applied in the study. The third section of the article offers an interpretation of the findings. The article concludes by discussing the implications of the findings for theorizing about how education contributes to social reproduction, social transformation, and ideological incorporation. (Contains 21 footnotes.)