Initially emerged in 1978, higher education research institutes (HERIs) in Mainland China have experienced rapid expansion and have become a major force in higher education reform in the last three decades. The development of these research institutes is closely related to the substantive growth of the higher education system itself as well as research development. This article outlines the trajectory of HERIs' growth in Mainland China, from its history through to its current development. This article also provides an overview of these institutes' roles and functions, as well as exploring future developmental trends and challenges facing them.