This article reports the finding of a recent study conducted as part of a larger white paper, "Sounds of Learning: The Impact of Music Education on All Aspects of a Child's Growth and Development. The purpose of the study was to uncover what people know and what they do not know about the impact of music education on at-risk kids, in an effort to provide some direction for possible avenues researchers could take. David Teachout, an MENC symposium chair and former Society for Music Teacher Education chair, who authored the report, examined studies ranging from a 1960 report that found dropouts were involved in fewer extracurricular activities than were those who stayed in school (Bowman and Matthews) to a qualitative study in 1998 that investigated two music educators' perspectives on students who were successful in music but not other classes (Ebie). The study finds that although much has been written about the positive effects of participation in extracurricular activities--including music programs--on at-risk students, little of the testimony is research-based. Teachout suggests researchers to review the available literature and then conduct follow-up studies "so they can draw more consistent correlations."