Comprehensive research and a highly-trained workforce are essential for the improvement of health and health care both nationally and internationally. During the past 40 years the National Research Services Award (NRSA) Program has played a large role in training the workforce responsible for dramatic advances in the understanding of various diseases and new insights that have led to more effective and targeted therapies. In spite of this program, the difficulty obtaining jobs after the postdoc period has discouraged many domestic students from pursuing graduate postdoc training. In the United States, more than 50 percent of the postdoc workforce is made up of individuals who obtained their Ph.D.s from other countries. Indeed, one can make a strong argument that the influx of highly trained and creative foreigners has contributed greatly to U.S. science over the past 70 years. "Research Training in the Biomedical, Behavioral, and Clinical Research Sciences" discusses a number of important issues, including: the job prospects for postdocs completing their training; questions about the continued supply of international postdocs in an increasingly competitive world; the need for equal, excellent training for all graduate students who receive NIH funding; and the need to increase the diversity of trainees. The book recommends improvements in minority recruiting, more rigorous and extensive training in the responsible conduct of research and ethics, increased emphasis on career development, more attention to outcomes, and the requirement for incorporating more quantitative thinking in the biomedical curriculum. Appendices include: (1) Committee Biographies; (2) Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award, Training Grants and Fellowships; (3) Classification of Ph.D. Fields; (4) Demographic Projections of the Research Workforce in the Biomedical, Clinical, and Behavioral Sciences, 2006-2016; (5) Dynamic Projections of the Research Workforce in the Biomedical, Clinical, and Behavioral Sciences, 2006-2016 (Using the System Dynamics Simulation Methodology); and (6) Characteristics of Doctorates. [This book was written by: the Committee to Study the National Needs for Biomedical, Behavioral, and Clinical Research Personnel; National Research Council.]