In British Columbia, Canada, the practice of archaeology has been strongly influenced by issues of First Nations rights and the ways government and industry have chosen to address them. In turn, this situation has affected academic (i.e., research-based) and consulting (i.e., cultural resource management) archaeology, which have had to respond to changes in the provincial Heritage Conservation Act (HCA) and to the implementation of archaeological overview assessments (AOAS) and traditional-use studies (TUSS). In this article, the author explores the situation of British Columbia, where First Nations' contribution to AOAS, TUSS, and the archaeological permitting process have influenced the development of predictive and explanatory models. There, as elsewhere, the increasing role of descendant communities in participating in or directing landscape-oriented studies--in a sense, decolonizing the archaeological process--clearly will influence how archaeologists need to perceive past cultural landscapes in the future. The author presented this article in three sections. First, he examines the nature of archaeological landscapes and their importance in organizing and interpreting evidence of past human behavior. Second, he examines the historical context of archaeology in British Columbia over the past century and discusses how it has contributed to the colonization of First Nations through heritage legislation, archaeological resource management strategies, and the very limited ways in which traditional perspectives of the cultural landscape have been incorporated. In the final section, he outlines four ways First Nations are seeking to decolonize the archaeological landscape, which include educational initiatives and the development of alternative resource management strategies. (Contains 5 figures and 62 notes.)