Various Soviet conceptions of technology and their influence on the automation of instruction in the Soviet Union are examined, and the history of the development of Soviet programed instruction is sketched. Key principles and techniques from Soviet psychology, pedagogy, computer technology, and cybernetics are explained in terms of their application to programed instruction. Electronic devices which are used in Soviet classrooms, ranging from small teaching machines to digital computers, are described. Case studies illustrate concretely the ways in which the Soviets apply electronic devices and programed material in various educational settings. Finally, some recommendations are made concerning those phases of the development and use of Soviet programed instruction which could merit further investigation by American scholars and educators. The author collected much of the information for this study from first-hand observation and from materials gathered in the Soviet Union. An extensive bibliography of both Russian and English language sources and a directory of Soviet personnel are provided. (JY)