The purpose of this article is to examine the challenges posed by the HIV/AIDS crisis facing Swaziland. It is divided into four sections. The first section provides a background on the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Swaziland. The second identifies challenges, which take the form of factors or forces driving the epidemic. In the third section, the author highlights some opportunities presented by the response initiatives undertaken by various actors to date to fight the epidemic. The article concludes by drawing some implications for policy, practice and research in the final section.