The first section of this report on childhood tuberculosis in developed and developing countries discusses the epidemiology of tuberculosis in children. Information is presented on: (1) sources and prevalence of infection; (2) risks, frequency, and types of tuberculosis; (3) mortality rates; and (4) the relation of poverty and AIDS to tuberculosis. The second section discusses the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children, with attention to primary tuberculosus infection and several forms of acute tuberculosis, postprimary respiratory tuberculosis, and extra-respiratory tuberculosis. Inserts included in the second section concern the tuberculin skin test, chest X-rays, scoring systems and criteria for diagnosing tuberculosis, and the bacteriological diagnosis of tuberculosis. The third section examines the treatment of tuberculosis in children. Three types of chemotherapy regimens are explained, and the process of caring for a diseased child until the child recovers is outlined. Inserts included in the third section discuss antituberculosis drugs in general and Isoniazid in particular. The fourth section considers the prevention of tuberculosis in children by means of early detection, preventive chemotherapy, and the use of the vaccine BCG. The fifth section profiles an Algerian experiment to control tuberculosis by means of a 6-month regimen of daily chemotherapy. (BC)