A fundamental challenge facing students who are English Learners is the interplay of oral language development--being able to speak and understand a language--and literacy development--learning to read and write the language. This interplay is especially challenging because each developmental process--oral language development and literacy development--is complex in and of itself, and each one influences the other. With English Learners, teachers have to deal with both developmental processes simultaneously, using techniques that are not generally needed with children who already speak English. This, the third article, addresses the topic of literacy. The authors discuss learning to read in English, a language English Learners are simultaneously learning to speak and understand. They also look at some of the ways learning to read in one's native language can support learning to read in a second language and, when that's not possible, how primary language support--that is, strategic use of the student's home language--can help literacy instruction in English. [For Part II, see EJ898399.]