This report reviews government programs in the United States that serve the educational, training, and employment needs of immigrant and refugee youth. An overview of European immigration to the United States during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries is followed by a presentation of the characteristics of post-1960 U.S. immigrants. Empirically based generalizations related to the adjustment and acculturation of immigrants and refugees are examined. Discussion next focuses on the most serious single problem encountered: language limitation. An analysis of bilingual educational programs includes a summary of legislation, a discussion of competing ideologies that have guided U.S. thinking on cultural diversity and bilingual education, a review of bilingual education models, and synthesis of research findings pertaining to bilingual program effectiveness. Selected government manpower programs that serve the training and employment needs of minority and immigrant youths are then reviewed. Three major strategies are covered: work experience programs in the public sector, employability development programs, and initiatives that seek to involve the private sector. Within each broad strategy, specific exemplary programs are discussed and major evaluation research is reviewed. Finally, some general lessons from the U.S. experience are delineated. Eleven statistical tables and references are appended. (YLB)