The scope of Title IX clearly includes all aspects of education, but the legislation's application to college athletics receives the most attention. Athletics programs, unlike most academic activities, are sex segregated, so the proper interpretation of the intercollegiate athletics provisions of Title IX is less clear-cut. This article examines the statistical evidence used to determine whether an institution's athletic program is in compliance with Title IX. The authors review the original 1979 policy interpretation as well as the 1996 and 2005 policy clarifications produced by the Office for Civil Rights (OCR). The authors also review the case law for Title IX, highlighting a number of key court decisions that altered the seriousness with which institutions considered this law when planning their athletic programs. This article includes an examination of the current level of compliance with the intercollegiate athletic participation requirements of Title IX. Throughout the article, the authors highlight issues of relevance to institutional researchers.