Principal issues in the 20th century development of the Balkan Peninsula are discussed in this introductory history text. Three themes--national rivalries, great power interference, and the economic, social, and political problems of modernization--are given special emphasis. An overview of 18th and 19th century history precedes the two major sections. Part 1, covering the years from 1887 to 1941, contains 6 chapters. The national monarchies of Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, and Greece are reviewed in chapter 1, with special consideration of the "Europeanization" of these states. Chapters 2 and 3 focus on the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires, respectively. Chapters 4 through 6 treat significant events from World War I to the outbreak of World War II. Both internal developments--social and political trends--and external influences--increasing Soviet and German pressure--are detailed. Part 2 examines World War II and the post-war period, emphasizing communist developments in the area. Chapter topics are: the Balkans in World War II, adjustments immediately following the war, a comparison of existing communist regimes, and an analysis of the Greek model of government. The book includes maps, a thirteen-page bibliography, and an index. (LP)