This study reports on the uneasy compromise in language and education policies in the post-Soviet Republic of Moldova since its first moves toward independence in 1989. Taking an approach that posits language policies as needing to be anchored in both international norms and the idiosyncrasies of local conditions, the discussion explores the potential for adjustments in the balance of language rights and status between minority language groups (Russian, Ukrainian, and others) and the long-oppressed majority language group (Moldovan or Romanian). Following a brief elaboration of the relevant languages and recent policies in the country, three key policy challenges are discussed in greater detail. The first involves political attempts to elevate minority Russian to official status alongside majority Moldovan/ Romanian. Second, the relationship of debates about the state history curriculum to language status further illustrates the challenges to reaching compromises on cultural policy. Finally, confrontation in the breakaway region of Transnistria is discussed to demonstrate the continued vulnerability of even majority language groups in the post-Soviet context. In conclusion, it is argued that, despite the challenges to language diversity and bilingualism in Moldova, there remain opportunities for policy compromise and for greater national and regional stability.