In this chapter, the author offers the National Black Male College Achievement Study (NBMCAS) as an example of how to explore and better understand the enablers of minority student achievement in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Methods employed in the national study are described, followed by the presentation of an anti-deficit achievement framework for research on students of color at various junctures of the STEM pipeline, from K-12 schools through doctoral degree attainment and transitions into science research and long-term industry careers. Though informed by and conceptually similar to the framework used in the NBMCAS, the author has customized the one introduced in this chapter for students of color (women and men, as well as various underrepresented minority groups) in STEM fields. (Contains 4 tables and 1 figure.)