In this paper, the authors examined health related challenges facing Nigeria. They argued that the relationship between literacy and health in today's knowledge-based economy further puts pressure on countries like Nigeria to raise its literacy rates if it is to compete in the global market. This line of thought is based on the fact that in today's economy, what matters is the use of ideas rather than physical abilities and on the application of technology rather than raw materials. In order to address the various developmental challenges, the United Nations adopted the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The authors conclude that in order to address the health-related MDGs, there is need to adopt a health literacy strategy that will help people to interact with health care providers. (Contains 1 table.)