The six brief papers in this document were prepared for an NIE-sponsored meeting in April 1980. Claudette Bradley poses questions (but no answers) on factors affecting American Indians. Alberta Castaneda stresses the need to ascertain how young children learn mathematical ideas. Tony Alfredo Gallegos notes inadequacies of Spanish bilingual programs. Dora Serna advocates the use of students' vernacular language in instruction. Hilda Serna also comments on bilingual concerns. Sau-Lim Tsang presents a review of research studies with Chinese American students, covering the topics of mathematical achievement, testing, Piagetian tasks, and curriculum. (MS)