The fourth meeting of the Fenno-Hungarian Conferences on Developmental Psychology had as its theme "Socialization and the Child-Rearing Practice. The conference consisted of three Symposia. The first symposium, "Results of the collaborations on the basis of the series of the Fenno-Hungarian conferences," contains the following papers; (1) "Development of gender constancy among four-year-old children in Finland and Estonia" (Soili Keskinen and Anu Leppiman); (2) "Gender identify and gender constancy in three-year-olds. A comparison of Hungarian and Finnish preschool Children" (Judit Gervai, Rita Nemeth, Soili Keskinen); (3) "Competition among Hungarian and Finnish mothers" (Pirkko Niemela); (4) "Mothers' competition through their children. A Finnish-Hungarian comparison" (Marta Fulop); (5) "Empathy and creativity" (Mirja Kalliopuska); (6) "The mother's empathy and the infant's development" (Julia Sugar Kadar); (7) "Language and thought. Comparative study on native speaker children of Hungarian versus Finnish language" (Marta Mag and Noemi Kiss); (8) "Causes of aggressive and violent behaviour in adolescence and young adulthood" (Vappu Viemero); and (9) "What are young delinquents really like? A pilot study on the self-concept" (Hedvig Katona-Sallay). The second symposium, "The social-emotional and social-cognitive development in the Finnish researches," contains the following papers: (1) "Familial influences on children's social skills" (Pirjo Polkki); (2) "Life as a single father" (Anna Raija Nummenmaa); (3) "Fear in children's lives. Study of 5-6-year-old children's fears and coping strategies" (Tiina Kirmanen and Anja Riitta Lahikainen); (4) "Family and personality factors for sleeping difficulties in a northern Finnish cohort of first and second born children" (Leila Seitamo); and (5) "Beginnings of joint role play in the day care centre. An activity-theoretical viewpoint" (Maritta Hannikainen). The third symposium, "Hungarian research and practice in relation to prematurated and gifted children," contains the following papers: (1) "Prematurely born children at school" (Magda Kalmar and Magdolna Estefan Varga); (2) "Quantitative and qualitative aspects of language development in low birthweight children" (Ersebet Csiky); (3) "Learning techniques and self-knowledge with talented school children" (Laszlo Balogh, Imre David, Kalman Nagy, and Laszlo Toth); (4) "Nonspecific effects of musical education in childhood" (Judit Pasku, Ilona Kerekes, and Ference Fekete); (5) "Teachers' opinion about the nature of giftedness" (Imre David and Laszlo Balogh); (6) "Explicit and hidden problems of the parents. One year at the Counseling Center for Gifted in Budapest" (Maria Herskovits); "Gifted children's early years by parental interviews" (Eva Gyarmathy); and (7) "To be equalized or balanced? Difficulties in developing of gifted children" (Zsuzsa Gero). (AA)