During 1967 and 1968, TEMPO, a Research affiliate of The General Electric Company, evaluated federal assistance to local school districts to use for compensatory education authorized by 1965 Elementary Secondary Education Act Title I. The specific research questions were straight-forward: (1) Has statistically significant enhancement of pupil performance resulted to date from Title I compensatory education programs? (2) What school, pupil and environmental characteristics are associated with enhanced pupil performance? The research design analyzed the extra gain, if any, in reading achievement of pupils who received the extra Title I services. The research tasks focused on the collection of achievement test data given both before and after pupils were exposed to compensatory programs and the analysis of the association among these variables. A sample of 11 school districts yielded usable data for 35,000 pupils. A second study allowed further refinement and analysis of the data from the sample schools to pursue answers to the same research questions as in the first study. Even though adjustments for possible negative trends in achievement were made and considerably more detailed cost data on compensatory education treatment were obtained, the previous negative answers to the research questions remained valid. (Author/JM)