The tenth anniversary of "Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science" causes one to reflect on the major measurement issues impacting physical education and exercise science in the latter half of the 20th century. This anniversary causes us to contemplate how this history has brought us to where we are today and what it portends for the future. The purpose of this report is to provide the authors' interpretation of these significant events. In this article, the authors reflect on five important events have most highly influenced measurement of physical fitness and physical activity in the past half century and will continue to influence measurement experts well into the 21st century. The events are: (1) Initial nationwide interest--Publication of "Minimum muscular fitness tests in school children" by Kraus and Hirshland (1954) in the 1954 "Research Quarterly;" (2) Health-related fitness construct--The development of the "health-related fitness" concept and its differentiation from performance-based youth fitness testing; (3) National youth fitness studies--National studies of youth fitness in the 1980s: the two National Children and Youth Fitness Studies (National Children and Youth Fitness Study [NCYFS], 1985; NCYFS II, 1987) and the National School Population Fitness Survey (President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports [PCPFS], 1986; (4) Evaluation perspectives--The move from norm-referenced to criterion-referenced evaluation of youth physical fitness; and (5) Measuring activity vs. fitness--The interest in assessment of physical activity (the process) rather than assessment of physical fitness (the product). The authors then indicate how each event interacted with the others, how each led to where we are today, and how these have combined to influence measurement and evaluation in physical education, exercise science and kinesiology. (Contains 1 table and 1 figure.)