Case studies were undertaken to investigate nongovernmental education in Tanzania, both Mainland and Zanzibar. This report focuses on Mainland Tanzania. In the 1960s and 1970s, during the government campaign for free universal public education, all private schools, whether missionary or NGO-run, were nationalized by the government and became state-owned public institutions. Restrictions on the registration and operation of schools discouraged the creation of new private schools, particularly at the primary level. However, in Tanzania-Mainland (but not in Zanzibar), increased student flows from primary to secondary forced the government to allow the creation of private secondary schools in the 1980s, and today these schools account for half of the country's enrollments. As Tanzania moved toward economic liberalization from 1994 onward, private schools were permitted at all levels of education, and today the number of private schools in the country is growing at a very rapid pace. Tanzanian parents choose nongovernment schools over public schools because of instruction given in English, more advanced curriculum, day-shift system, better facilities and learning conditions, low pupil-teachers ratio, and control over teacher discipline. The issues of private tuition and so-called "voluntary parents contributions" need additional thorough research. (Contains 18 references.) (RT)