Purpose: This study aims to propose an integrative conceptual framework of e-learning adoption and assimilation that is adapted to the specific context of small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Design/methodology/approach: The literature on the state of e-learning usage in SMEs and on the IT adoption and assimilation factors that can be specifically applied to e-learning adoption and assimilation in this context are reviewed. These factors are then integrated within a research framework, and a set of 20 propositions formulated. Findings: The paper identifies the technological, organizational and environmental factors that are likely to favor or hinder e-learning adoption and assimilation in SMEs, as well as the interaction among these factors. Research limitations/implications: The integrative framework and the 20 propositions that emanate from it constitute the conceptual foundation for a research program and hypotheses on the adoption and assimilation of e-learning in SMEs. Practical implications: This study offers managers a frame of reference to analyze their firm's situation before initiating an e-learning program by highlighting key adoption and assimilation factors in the specific context of SMEs. Originality/value: This study proposes an integrative conceptual framework of e-learning adoption and assimilation that is adapted to the specific context of SMEs. (Contains 1 figure.)