As educators work to advance 21st century teaching and learning in schools, numerous reforms are needed but none greater than the necessity to integrate technology. Technology integration presents complex challenges because numerous changes must take place. The National Education Technology Plan 2010 (NETP) provides a road map for these necessary changes. Schools must find ways to increase their capacity to change in order to make technology integration a reality. Intermediaries are uniquely positioned to fill that need lending their skills and talents. Intermediary organizations have begun to increase their role in the process of reforming education by providing critical technology services and supports. Three qualitative case studies of California unified school districts and their supporting intermediary organizations were conducted to examine the impacts of the NETP, functions and strategies of intermediary organizations working with districts, and actions taken during technology integration implementations. Among the major findings, it was discovered that the NETP has minimal impact on the actions of districts and their intermediaries mostly due to infrastructure barriers. It was also found that intermediaries network with schools based on relationships built on reciprocity. In addition, district technology integration initiatives proved to be problematic and partnering with intermediaries was imperative and must be on-going to bring schools into the 21st century. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]