Achievement of the second of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG)--universal primary education by 2015--is crucial, as education is one of the most powerful instruments for reducing poverty and inequality and for laying the foundation for sustained economic growth, effective institutions, and sound governance. This study assesses whether universal primary education can be achieved by 2015, focusing on the largest low-income countries that are furthest from the goal and home to about 75 percent of the children out of school globally. By analyzing education policies and financing patterns in relatively high-performing countries, the study identifies a new policy and financing framework for fast global progress in primary education. A simulation model is presented to show how adoption of this framework could accelerate progress in low-income countries currently at-risk of not reaching the education MDG. The study emphasizes that worldwide attainment of universal primary education by 2015 will necessitate a stronger combination of political will, deep and sustained reform, faster dissemination of best practices, and intensified financial effort. Included are practical tools and guidance on the policies and strategies that can help low-income countries improve education system performance and on the corresponding actions by international donors that can improve the effectiveness of their support. Also included is a CD-ROM containing a hands-on version of the simulation model and the background data used. Four appendices present information on data analysis, simulation results, and financial commitments to basic education. (Contains 44 references.) (KB)