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Peer reviewedNguyen, Anne; Shin, Fay; Krashen, Stephen – International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 2001
Elementary and middle school children in California who speak Vietnamese as a first language reported high levels of oral competence in Vietnamese and a desire to maintain Vietnamese language and culture. There was no evidence that the development of the first language was a barrier to second language acquisition. (Author/VWL)
Descriptors: Bilingualism, Elementary Education, Immigrants, Language Acquisition
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Direct linkCho, Grace; Shin, Fay; Krashen, Stephen – Multicultural Education, 2004
Heritage languages (HL) are language spoken by the children of immigrants or by those who immigrated to a country when young. The purpose of this article is to briefly review what is known about heritage language development over time and to identify some gaps in people's knowledge. In this article, the authors consider three aspects: how much HL…
Descriptors: Immigrants, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Heritage Education
