This publication represents the first report tailored to a non-specialist audience from an extensive case study in the Philippines, one of five country studies selected as the first project of the Urban Child Program of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) International Child Development center. The Philippines study focuses explicitly on street children and how they relate to the community. Children "on" the streets, away from their families in the day and earning money at a young age, and children "of" the streets, essentially abandoned by their families, are considered. This report describes the ways different aspects of the culture of urban poverty impinge on urban childhood. The case study of an urban boy illustrates the interactions between economic necessity and family expectations that the child will bring in income at an early age. Programs that reach out to disadvantaged children must provide for many types of needs. Society must make it possible for the family in poverty to extend the childhood dependency period at least through the school years. Many improvements have been made in conditions for children in cities in the Philippines, but much remains to be done. Seventeen photographs and a list of 11 sources are included. (SLD)