A number of states and school districts have taken the five factors of the "Effective Schools Formula" (strong leadership, high expectations of students, emphasis on basic skills, orderly environment, and frequent student evaluations) and applied them in school improvement programs. Some researchers and practitioners have reservations about widespread acceptance of such an overall prescription. An analysis of successful schools found that their incorporated practices fell into nine broad categories such as academically rich programs and parent participation. Effective teachers are semi-autonomous professionals who are knowledgeable about content, teaching strategies, and communicating to students. Effective principals are flexible in their approach to leadership and create and maintain a suitable learning environment. Effective schools center around students; offer academically rich programs; provide instruction that promotes learning; have a positive school climate and extensive staff development; foster collegial interaction; practice shared leadership; and involve parents. Guidelines for creating effective schools include programs for excellence that focus on the individual school building. (7 references) (EJS)