To investigate the dependence of mathematics achievement and attitudes on each other and other factors, achievement test scores and ratings of 2,368 13-year-old students who participated in the 1977-78 National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) were analyzed. Achievement was significantly associated with attitudes, sex, ethnicity, father's and mother's education, verbal opportunities in the home, and frequency of mathematical practices when the variables were statistically controlled for one another. Constructive mathematics attitudes were associated with achievement and the same factors except parent education. About 32 percent of the achievement variance and 8 percent of the attitude variance can be accounted for by the factors. (Author)