Using the latest research instruments, including questionnaires, interviews, factor analysis, and matrix construction, the present restraints on professorial effectiveness and the contributions of departmental and university structures to professorial malaise is examined for the purpose of improving ways that administrators can increase faculty effectiveness. Part I, "The Academic Profession," discusses the dimension of academic professionalism and recruitment to the academic profession. Part II "Theoretical Perspectives," examines the division of labor and academic specialization and interpersonal relations among faculty and staff. Part III, "Empirical Research," discusses faculty preferences for academic tasks and findings of empirical research. Part IV, "New Organizational Forms," examines matrix organization of academic functions and dynamics of organizational change. In the final section it is suggested that if faculty are permitted to follow their own inclinations that they will be more highly productive for all their constituencies--students, researchers, users of new knowledge, and society. Appendices include: the survey cover letter; survey of faculty activity preferences; response bias letter, questionnaire and analysis; open-ended pre-test questionnaire; faculty interview program; and scale descriptions and reliabilities. A list of tables and figures, notes on each chapter, and an index are provided. (LC)