This paper presents a literature review and the author's views on the male role in parenting, including the choice not to parent. The traditional view of male parenting is reviewed, with an emphasis on the effects of the traditional paternal role on the development of children. The materials shift in focus to a broader consideration of the traditional male role, e.g., the hazards of the sex stereotyped male role including shorter life expectancy, unmet needs, and exposure to greater stress. Alternative roles are suggested, including increased involvement in parenting and participating as a co-parent in the nurturance and care of children. A third option is also proposed, i.e., a father role outside the nuclear family that encompasses single parent adoption or father custody in divorce. The option not to parent is also considered in this review. (JAC)