The purpose of this study was to expand the previous limited locus of control focus of gender differences cross-nationally by shifting to an attributional model for both successes and failures in both achievement and affiliation domains in order to test the hypothesis that women differ from men in their attributional patterns for achievement and affiliation across various attributional factors for success/failure outcomes. The Multidimensional-Multiattributional Causality Scale was administered to a total of 684 college students from India, Japan, South Africa, Yugoslavia, and the United States. There were significant differences between males and females across all five countries for achievement attributions to task, and for the internal/external dimension. The differences for attributions to ability, effort, and luck, as well as for the stable/unstable dimension, were not significant. All these differences were generally small, and so may not be meaningful. Gender differences appeared to be stronger in the affiliation than in the achievement domain. (Author/BW)