Departing markedly from previous reports to Congress by the National Science Board, this document presents in an informal, narrative style six stories depicting scientific discoveries and their effects on society. Drawn from the physical, biological, medical, and social sciences, topics discussed include: (1) computers and semiconductors; (2) seismic exploration for oil and gas; (3) survey research and opinion polls; (4) pesticides and pest control; (5) synthetic fibers; and (6) x-rays for medical diagnosis. Each chapter examines the technological, social, and political aspects of these current issues and illustrates how major scientific developments most often emerge from the combined efforts of individuals, universities, industries, and government. Illustrations and photographs complement the text. The publication is not intended as a policy or budgetary guide but as an example of the interrelationship between science and the general welfare of society. (DC)