A variety of causes have been suggested for hyperactivity: anoxia and other adverse birth conditions, genetic factors, delayed maturation, maternal smoking and drinking during pregnancy, interaction of temperament and environment, lead poisoning, radiation stress, allergy and food additives, and deprivation of required stimulation. Treatments include drug treatments, especially with Ritalin or Dexedrine; the Feingold diet restricting sugars and artificial colorings; administration of megavitamins; behavior therapy; differential reinforcement procedures; modeling; role-playing; filial therapy (helping parents develop empathy with their children); and brief therapy (isolating specific complaints and attempting to bring about an observable behavior change). Possible educational involvement with the hyperactive includes developing minimal stimulation programs; developing structured, predictable, consistent, and logical programs; having engineered classrooms; creating insight-oriented therapy groups to help parents understand their feelings and make necessary changes at home; behavior modification programs; self-instructional training; relaxation training; and biofeedback. Cooperation between parents, teachers, and physicians is important in treating children who are hyperactive. (TJ)