This book is concerned with both the reaction of Negro Americans to their oppression and quest for justice, and the hostility of Negro Americans toward whites and the extent to which protest is linked to this hostility. The first part of this study is concerned with describing various Negro responses to the civil rights struggle and evaluating their prevalence. The second part of this study seeks to ascertain just how widespread hostility toward whites is, where it is located, and what factors are most useful in understanding it. It also examines Negro attitudes toward one white group in particular, the Jews. The interviews on which this study is based were conducted in October, 1964. One thousand one hundred and nineteen interviews were conducted with Negro adults obtained from several different samples. The first, the metropolitan sample, consists of 492 persons and is representative of Negroes living in metropolitan areas of the nation outside the South. Four urban centers were also chosen for special study, and a representative sample of Negroes selected from each of the following cities: Chicago, New York, Atlanta, and Birmingham. Interviewing and sampling were done by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago. The interviews lasted from 60 to 90 minutes, and were mostly conducted by Negro interviewers. (Author/JM)